Current and Significant Trend in Health Care Essay

Current and Significant Trend in Health Care - Essay Example The health sector, in the recent past, was marred with a shortage of staff, especially nurses. This was a setback to the sector as many people had to wait in long queues for the services. However, there is an emerging trend where the staffing has been increased. The healthcare sector has employed more nurses and health practitioners to help in serving the up surging demand. For example, according to the US Bureau of Statistics, employment in healthcare increased by an average of 26,000 jobs monthly (Acton, 2013). This is evident that the sector has initiated a plan of increasing the number of people offering services. According to the forecasts in the sector, it is estimated that the number of healthcare workers will have increased overall by 30% by the year 2020. This trend is significant as it has various advantages. First, people will receive high quality services. Secondly, people in need of healthcare services will avoid long queues. Advancement in technology is an aspect that has been gaining prevalence in many sectors of the economy. The healthcare sector has also started to appreciate technology (Ginter, Duncan and Swayne, 2013). In this era, there is a need to enhance accuracy in treatment. This is by enhancing diagnosis of different kinds of diseases and complications in the patients. The use of technology has had a positive influence on accurate diagnosis of diseases and complications. For example, cancer is a complication that is affecting a larger percentage of the American population. Apparently, the complication is controllable and treated with early diagnosis. However, when cancer is in its final stages, it is not easy to control or even cure. According to statistics in 2011, over 45% of practitioners in the health sector were using modern technology, which includes use of specialized computers and tablets. One year later, over 65% of the health practitioners in the health sector had access to

The Punic Wars Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Punic Wars - Research Paper Example However, the two strong rivals in power engaged in war, specifically in the Punic Wars, which was a series of three wars where Carthage was defeated by Rome three times. Carthage was defeated not only because of poor strategy but also because of corruption in its government. On the other hand, Rome won because of its military and political brilliance and sense of unity among its people and military groups. The First Punic War The first Punic War was fought by Rome and Carthage between 264 and 241 BC. It is interesting to note that by 275 BC, Rome had already conquered all of Italy and its goal was to prevent the neighboring countries from getting -------------- 1William C. Morey, The First Punic War, Forum Romanum, 2013. 2Ibid. 3Ibid. 4Ibid. hold of any Roman territory especially Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. The first Punic War broke out in Messina, Sicily when the Mamertines, or the Roman mercenary soldiers who were employed by the Syracusan tyrant Agathocles, and who were in contr ol of Messana or Messina, were attacked by the Syracusan forces under Hiero II, the Greek Sicilian king. Upon the attach of the forces of Hiero II, the Mamertines called in Rome for help while Hiero II appealed to Carthage and joined the forces of Hanno the Punic, who just landed in Sicily5. Since Rome and Carthage both had interests in Sicily, the war began and continued for the next 24 years. The final victory of Rome was in the sea on March 10, 241 BC, specifically in the naval battle off the western coast of Sicily. During this time, Rome gained mastery of the sea. As a consequence of defeat, Carthage gave up Sicily and the other islands to the Roman Empire. The Second Punic War Between the years 241 and 218 BC, before the second Punic Wars broke out in 218 BC, the Carthaginians experienced what is known as â€Å"aggressive and unjustified†6 actions against Rome, as stated by the Greek historian Polybius. The treaty that Rome signed with Carthage after the defeat of the l atter was actually breached by Rome as the Romans occupied Sardinia. Rome threatened ----------- 5The Punic Wars, Latin Library, 2013. 6Ibid. Carthage with war and even ceded Sardinia and Corsica and forced Carthage to pay an indemnity. The skirmishes between Rome and the Punic forces in Italy weakened the latter, and the latter had no desire of responding to Rome with war7. As a response to this, the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca occupied Spain in 237 with an army for the purpose of opening new markets as well as for creating a new Carthaginian base for its operations. Hamilcar Barca militarized Spain and this militarization was continued by Hasdrubal and Hannibal and Barca’s son-in-law Hasdrubal. When Hannibal conquered Sagunto, Spain, which was a Roman stronghold, Rome declared another war against Carthage8. Hannibal was placed as the head of the army in 221. In 219, Hannibal seized Sagunto or Saguntum. During this time, the Romans in Rome issued an ultimatum demandi ng the Carthaginian council to surrender Hannibal, but Rome was not obeyed and the council supported Hannibal and accepted the offer of war9. The second Punic War broke out in 218 BC and it is considered as â€Å"one of the greatest military conflicts of the ancient world†10. The series of strategies of the Carthaginian general Hannibal until he was defeated are worth mentioning. The first victory of Hannibal was near

Home Care Providers Essay Example for Free

Home Care Providers Essay According to Guberman, (1999) the word ‘Home care’ is also known as domiciliary care which refer to health care provided to the patients at home by either health care professional which a times referred to as formal care which in united states they are called skilled care or by family and friends also called caregivers, primary caregiver or voluntary caregivers who give informal care.   The term homecare is used to differentiate it from non-medical care or custodial care which is care provided by persons who are not nurses, doctors or other licensed medical personnel. Direct healthcare providers in homecare Professional healthcares which include: Physicians,   Registered nurses and   licensed practical nurses, Physical therapist. Paraprofessionals which include: Social workers, Speech language pathologist, Occupational therapists (OTs),   Dietitians Home health aides Volunteers which include; Homemaker and chore workers. Companions   According to Williams et al, (2000) the Services provided by health cares are discussed below; Physicians Physicians visit patients in their homes to diagnose and treat illnesses just as they do in hospitals and private offices. They also work with home care providers to determine which services are needed by patients, which specialists are most suitable to render these services, and how often these services need to be provided. With this information, physicians prescribe and oversee patient plans of care.   Registered nurses and licensed practical nurses Registered nurses (RNs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) provide skilled services that cannot be performed safely and effectively by nonprofessional personnel. Some of these services include injections and intravenous therapy, wound care, education on disease treatment and prevention, and patient assessments.   Ã‚  Registered nurses may also provide case management services. The registered nurses are given specialized education and are licensed to practice once qualified. On the other hand the licensed practical nurses are given specialized training for a given period of time and are licensed to work under the supervision of registered nurses. The intricacy of a patients medical condition and required course of treatment determine whether care should be provided by a registered nurse or can be provided by a licensed practical nurse.   Physical therapist Physical therapists work to restore the mobility and strength of patients who are limited or disabled by physical injuries through the use of exercise, massage, and other methods. They often alleviate pain and restore injured muscles with specialized equipment. They also teach patients and caregivers special techniques for walking and transfer. Social workers Social workers evaluate the social and emotional factors affecting ill and disabled individuals and provide counseling. They also help patients and their family members identify available community resources. Social workers often serve as case managers when patients conditions are so complex that professionals need to assess medical and supportive needs and coordinate a variety of services. Speech language pathologists They work to develop and restore the speech of individuals with communication disorders; usually these disorders are the result of traumas such as surgery or stroke. Speech therapists also help retrain patients in breathing, swallowing, and muscle control. Occupational therapists (OTs)   They help individuals who have physical, developmental, social, or emotional problems that prevent them from performing the general activities of daily living (ADLs). OTs instruct patients on using specialized rehabilitation techniques and equipment to improve their function in tasks such as eating, bathing, dressing, and basic household routines. Dietitians Dietitians provide counseling services to individuals who need professional dietary assessment and guidance to properly manage an illness or disability. Home health aides Home health aides assist patients with activities of daily living such as getting in and out of bed, walking, bathing, toileting, and dressing. Some aides have received special training and are qualified to provide more complex services under the supervision of a nursing professional.   Homemaker and chore workers   They perform light household duties such as laundry, meal preparation, general housekeeping, and shopping. Their services are directed at maintaining patient households rather than providing hands-on assistance with personal care. Companions   They provide companionship and comfort to individuals who, for medical and/or safety reasons, may not be left at home alone. Some companions may assist clients with household tasks, but most are limited to providing sitter services.   Generally this group of volunteers meets a variety of patient needs. The scope of a volunteers services depends on his or her level of training and experience. Volunteer activities include, but are not limited to providing companionship, emotional support, and counseling and helping with personal care, paperwork, and transportation. Effects of indirect staffing in homecare The presence of indirect staff has some positive and negative effects on the patients. Most of these problems are social problems which in turn affect the psychological functioning of the patience. Some of these effects include: Increased emotional effects Increased social problems Decreased food intake. Increased unnecessary counseling. Decreased food intake as a result of emotional effects   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Decreased food intake is an important risk factor for malnutrition, which is highly prevalent among geriatric patients. The emotional nature of the home care experience and the complex organizational setting involved in meal production and delivery services in the home increase the risk for decreased food intake. Everyday emotions are known to have a particularly strong influence on decision-making and behavior in the patience, and have also been shown to influence food intake and its psychological antecedents, such as quality perception and satisfaction judgments.   The direct effect of emotional factor on food is reduced food uptake by the patience while the indirect effects are mediated by the food quality perception on and satisfaction judgment. Quality foods increases appetite hence increased food uptake by the patient†, (Paquet et al, 2003) Reference Guberman, Nancy, (1999); â€Å"Caregivers and Caregiving†: New trends and their implication for policy, British biomedical journal, vol 2. Paquet, C, St-Armaud_mckenzie, D and Honald Jeff, (2003); â€Å"Direct and indirect effects of everyday Emotions on food uptake of elderly patients in institutions†. A Biological Science Journal, vol. 11. William, A,P.S Wagner, M. Buetther, C. Charlebolis ,K. Foster, B. Gustafson, D. Harf, and E. Jamison, (2000);â€Å"Women’s formal home care work in transition†: The impact of reform on labour process change, Biomedical journal,vol.3.

Theories of Morality in Punishment Essay Example for Free

Theories of Morality in Punishment Essay As a society, we have different responses to treating untoward incidences and behaviors. We have different means in which we sanction or punish the doers of the action; yet these mean are all reflected on various theories of morality. Different countries or cultures have different systems of punishment as according to what they conform as morally acceptable to people of their kind. Some sanction death penalty, others rehabilitation, imprisonment or other ways like public humiliation and the like. The following are some theories of morality where such systems of punishments are grounded. Stoicism considers passionate emotions like fear or envy as results of errors in judgment and that a person of moral and intellectual perfection would not have to exhibit such emotions. This theory has something to do with giving verdict to people who have committed criminal case. For example, after court hearings, the jury finds that the accused has done the crime while he was not in the proper line of thinking or was insane, the sanction would be different from those who have found guilty of the same crime. The judge might recommend for rehabilitation or medical treatment instead of imprisonment or death penalty that might jeopardize the rationality of the person. Egoism, on the other hand, claims that persons act in response to self-interest. That is, the verdict to a case can be motivated by the interest of the jury to satisfy his own self or if he will be benefited from the result of the punishment. For example, the judge has been paid to overturn his verdict on a certain case; if the judge is thinking of his personal interest, he will do such in the name of money. Who would not want to get money for just a single court decision? Concurrent to egoism is hedonism, which states that only pleasure or its opposite, pain, motivates persons in their decision. Our responses to certain bad behavior done to us or to others depends whether we can get pleasure or we experienced pain. The response could be brutal when it is motivated by pain or the other way around when it is motivated by pleasure. In these three theories, the central subject is the self; where the measure for morality depends on what is most acceptable to the â€Å"self†. Other theories that affect decisions about morality include a gender-based one. Carol Gilligan on his work In a Different Voice states that men and women use different approaches to morality. According to her, the male approach is that individuals have certain basic rights and you are respecting those rights. Morality in this case imposes restrictions on what you can do to punish a person; while female approach is that people have responsibilities toward others; thus giving judgment depends on the care for others. On the other hand, Lawrence Kohlberg theorized about the stages of moral development that includes: punishment and obedience, instrumental exchange, interpersonal conformity, law and order, prior rights and social contract, and universal ethical principles. All these have something to do respect to laws and conformity to individual rights. The first stage for instance is the opposite of each other, meaning, when anyone breaks the rule or law or disobeys it, he or she will be punished according to the fifth stage prior rights and social contract. Social contract could be written or unwritten but these are contracts that state the punishments of any untoward behavior as a violation to the individual rights of persons. The above theories stipulate that justice systems are products of moral judgment anchored to the rights of individuals or the interest of people to the rights of others — either exploitation or preservation. References: Cory, Rachel. (2006). Kolhberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Retrieved December 2, 2008 from http://www. aggelia. com/htdocs/kohlberg. shtml Cypher, Allen. (____). Notes on In a Different Voice by Carol Gilligan. Retrieved December 2, 2008 from http://acypher. com/BookNotes/Gilligan. html Stoicism, Egoism and Hedonism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/

Aerobic and Resistance Training Effect on Lipoprotein Levels

Aerobic and Resistance Training Effect on Lipoprotein Levels INTRODUCTION Obesity in adult population is related to obesity during their childhood. In addition, obese adolescents are at risk of developing obesity as adults, who tend to have abnormal lipid and glucose levels (1). Obesity is one of the major risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases (14) Altered metabolism of lipids is observed in obese individuals. (3) ) It has been suggested that high levels of cholesterol among children and adolescents is positively associated with development of future coronary heart disease.(5)In obese children and adolescents, increased low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol occur as abnormal lipid profile.(4,18)Among these, high density lipoprotein cholesterol is an important marker for risk of developing cardiovascular disease.(6) High density lipoprotein level alone is indicative of development of coronary artery disease and there is negative relationship between level of high density lipoprote in and occurrence of cardiovascular abnormality. (7) In contrast to increased low density lipoprotein levels, increased high density lipoprotein level provides protection against atherosclerosis process. High density lipoprotein performs this protective function by removing extra cholesterol from macrophages in the arterial walls to the liver for excretion through bile. This process is known as Reverse cholesterol transport. Further, high density lipoprotein (HDL) also has anti-oxidant properties. (2, 19) In addition to cardio protective action, high density lipoprotein protects against Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. So, alteration in serum levels of high density lipoproteins will affect the future management of cardiovascular and degenerative neuronal disorders. (7) High density lipoprotein levels are elevated in those who are physically active. (8) Exercise has been identified as effective treatment for maintaining normal lipid levels in adolescents. (9) So, it has been widely accepted that regular aerobic training improves high density lipoprotein levels and thus protects against cardiovascular abnormalities.(8) Resistance exercise also has shown improvements in High density lipoprotein levels.(10) Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance training on high density lipoprotein levels in obese adolescent males. Independent variable Aerobic exercise training and resistance exercise training are independent variables for this study. Dependent variables Plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol level Hypotheses H1: There will be significant change in high density lipoprotein level following aerobic exercise training. Ho1: There will be no difference in change in high density lipoprotein level following aerobic exercise training. H2: There will be significant change in high density lipoprotein level following resistance exercise training. Ho2: There will be no difference in change in high density lipoprotein level following resistance exercise training. H3: There will be significant difference in change in high density lipoprotein levels between both groups. Ho3: There will be no difference in change in high density lipoprotein levels between both groups. Assumption It is assumed that participants will not change their lifestyle and diet habits during study duration. Participants are not taking medicines which can affect the outcome and will give best efforts during exercise. Delimitations In this study participants will be male obese adolescents only. Limitations This study covers limited age group. (13-15 years) Study focuses on obese male individuals only. LITERATURE REVIEW Plourde (2002) investigated impact of obesity on glucose and lipid profiles in adolescents at different age groups in relation to adulthood. This study was done in two stages. In the first stage participants were classified in overweight group and control group according to the Body Mass Index (BMI).BMI ≠¥85th percentile was considered overweight, BMI ≠¥95th percentile was considered obese and BMI ≠¤85th percentile were taken as controls. Glucose and lipid profiles were measured in these subjects. Association between glucose and lipid profiles with anthropometric measurements was founded. Second study was retrospective prospective longitudinal study to determine association of obesity in adolescence with that of obesity in adulthood and obesity related risk factors. Seven different age groups from 9 to 38 years were studied from 1974 to 2000. It was concluded that lipid profile and glucose are related to anthropometric measures in adolescents. In addition to this obesi ty in adolescents of 13-15 years was found important factor for obesity in adulthood. (1) Zhang et al. (2014) studied the association of simple anthropometric indices and body fat with early atherosclerosis and lipid profiles in Chinese adults. Purpose of this study was to determine the best adiposity index to predict the early atherosclerosis and abnormal lipid profiles. In this study 2,063 women and 814 men participated. Assessment for body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio were taken. Along with this intima media thickness of common carotid artery, internal carotid arteries and bifurcation were measured. Fasting Lipid profiles were assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted to know the relation between the measures. It was found that waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio were closely related to intima media thickness and lipid profiles. Based on the results, it was concluded that abdominal anthropometric measures were associated with lipid profile and atherosclerosis. Waist circumference was sugg ested to be the best measurement for its simple use. Takami et al. (2001) found relation between body fat distributions, metabolic abnormalities and carotid atherosclerosis. In this study, it was hypothesized that the intra-abdominal fat is more important factor over general adiposity to predict metabolic abnormalities and atherosclerosis. This cross sectional study included 849 Japanese men with 20-70 years of age. Body mass index was taken as general adiposity measurement. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and computed tomography were taken as measure of intra-abdominal fat distribution. Relation between these factors and lipid profile, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and intima media thickness was analyzed. Results showed association between these factors. It was concluded that body mass index and waist hip ratio are better clinical predictors of carotid atherosclerosis. Chang, Liu, Zhao, Li and Yu (2008) examined the effect of supervised exercise training on metabolic risk factors and physical fitness in Chinese obese children in early puberty. In this study, 49 obese children of 12 to 14 year of age were divided into control and exercise groups. Exercise group was given 9 to 12 months of supervised exercise training and health education once every 3 months. Control group was given only health education. Improved insulin sensitivity and associated factors of metabolic syndrome along with slowed progression of obesity was observed in exercise group. It was concluded that obesity and physical inactivity continue in adulthood and are risk factors for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. (11) Flynn et al. (2013) studied factors associated with low High density lipoprotein cholesterol in middle school children with mean age of 11.6 years and observed that overweight or obesity was related to lower levels of high density lipoproteins. There were1104 participants in this study. Participants were analyzed with laboratory screening of lipid profile, blood pressure and physical assessment of body mass index and physical activity. It was concluded that increased fitness and healthy weight management are more likely to increase high density lipoprotein levels in children and adolescents. (6) Kelley and Kelley (2006) studied the effects of aerobic exercises and diet on lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents.12 Randomized control trials containing 389 subjects with age group of 5 to 19 years and minimum 4 weeks of exercise interventions were included in this meta-analysis. Effects were aerobic training was observed on high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Results showed significant reduction in triglyceride levels along with trend of elevated high density lipoproteins in overweight and obese subjects. (5) Mohammadi et al. (2014) studied the effect of 12 week of aerobic training on homocysteine, lipoprotein A and lipid profile levels in sedentary middle aged men. Subjects were randomly divided into control and aerobic training group. There were 12 male subjects in each group having 40-60 years of age. Aerobic exercise training was given to the aerobic group progressively increasing the duration from 20 to 60 minutes per session. Intensity was increased from 60% of maximum heart rate to 75% of maximum heart rate. Results showed significant increase in high density lipoprotein level and reduction in homocysteine, lipoprotein A and triglycerides level after 12 weeks of intervention of aerobic exercise. Tseng et al. (2013) conducted a pilot study to find out the more effective exercise training in increasing high density lipoprotein levels. There were 40 obese men of 18-29 years of age included in the study. Participants were allotted to four groups. These were Aerobic exercise group, Resistance exercise group, combined exercise group and control group. Exercise intervention was done for 12 weeks. It was observed that either aerobic or resistance training alone significantly raised high density lipoprotein levels, but combined exercise was most effective. (10) Falham et al. studied the effects of endurance and resistance exercise training on plasma lipoprotein levels in 45 healthy elderly women aging 70-87 years. Subjects were assigned to 3 groups randomly. Endurance training group was intervened with walking exercise and progressed from 20 to 50 minutes duration over the period of 3 weeks. Resistance exercise group performed 1 to 3 sets of 8 different exercises at 8 repetitions maximum. Control group did not perform any exercise and continued their normal activity. Interventions lasted for 10 week duration. In the 11th week, lipid profile was measured. Results showed improved levels of high density lipoprotein level and reduced triglyceride level in both endurance and resistance exercise groups. It was concluded that the high intensity exercise alone can alter the lipoprotein levels. Koozehchian et al. (2014) identified the role of exercise training on lipoprotein profiles in adolescent males. In this study 45 subjects participated and they were divided into 3 groups. They were swimmers, soccer players and non-athlete; physically active individuals (control). Each group consisted of 15 individuals. Swimmers and soccer players were participating in their sport activities for at least 3 months immediately before the initiation of the intervention. Swimmers performed supervised swim of 60 minutes for 3 days/week. Soccer players performed supervised soccer training consisting of warm up, stretch, endurance running, team games, strengthening and match for 60 minutes per session for 3 days/week. These interventions lasted for 12 weeks. Plasma low density lipoprotein, Apo-lipoproteins, very low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured pre-training and post-training. Increase in mean high density lipoprotein levels and reduction in low density lipoprotein level were found in two interventional groups. From the results, it was concluded that regular swimming and soccer training reduces the risk of cardiovascular disorders in adolescents. Kodama et al. conducted meta-analysis to identify the effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Only randomized control trials were reviewed. These studies were performed on individuals of ≠¥20 years of age. Studies which had at least 8 weeks of training duration and pre-training and post-training high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements, were included in the meta-analysis. Sample size of the study varied between 9 to 200 and 1404 of total subjects. Analysis of 25 studies indicated that the mean difference in high density lipoprotein cholesterol change is associated with exercise duration. Approximately, 1.4 mg/dl net rise corresponded to10 minutes increased exercise duration. Study indicated that aerobic exercise is associated with modest elevation in plasma high density lipoprotein level. Duration of the training session was found to be most important factor for prescription. Filho et al. (2011) investigated the effects of exercise training on plasma levels and functional properties of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the metabolic syndrome.30 sedentary subjects were classified into study group which included 20 subjects with metabolic syndrome and control group consisting of 10 subjects without metabolic syndrome. The study group was intervened with moderate intensity exercise training on bicycle ergometer for 3 months. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after intervention. Results showed reduced triglyceride levels in study group. No significant difference was observed in low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. However, changes were observed in high density lipoprotein sub fractions. It was concluded that emphasis should be given on functional aspects of lipoproteins along with plasma levels. (12) Gomez et al. (2013) studied the effect of 10 weeks endurance and resistance training on regional fat mass and lipid profile. Study was done on 26 healthy young men aging 22.5 ±1.9 years. Subjects were randomly divided into endurance, resistance and control group. Baseline data for lipid profile and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry to calculate the total and regional fat masses were taken. During 10 week exercise training endurance group performed running and cycling for 90 minutes per session. Exercise intensity was determined based on the initial cardiorespiratory assessment. Intensity ranged between ventilator threshold 1 and 2.Resistance group performed 5 different exercises at 50-90% of 1 repetition maximum with 90 seconds rest in between sets. It was found that change high density lipoprotein was associated with total lean mass and weight, and resistance training was associated with increased lean body mass. Stoedefalke (2007) studied the effects of exercise training on blood lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of exercise on total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Out of the 14 studies included in the review, positive alteration in the blood lipids and lipoproteins was found in 6 studies. No alteration in lipid profiles was observed in 4 studies. Negative effect on high density lipoprotein was observed in one study. However, there was overall improvement in lipoprotein profile. It was concluded that the equivocal result might be due to various methodological problems, such as low sample size, less than 8 weeks of intervention and inadequate exercise volume. METHODOLOGY Subjects Male adolescents age 13-15 years having Body Mass Index (BMI) of more than or equal to 85 percentile for age, classified as overweight and obese according to Center for Disease Control (CDC) will be included in the study (ped).Subjects with cardiovascular diseases and systemic diseases will be excluded from the study. About 30 subjects will participate in the study. Resting measures Informed consent will be taken from the parents of the subjects. Subjects’ age, height, weight, Body mass index, Waist circumference, Heart rate, Blood pressure and plasma High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol will be measured at rest. Testing protocol All subjects will undergo physician’s examination and health questionnaire. Subjects having cardiovascular, hepatic and other systemic disease will be excluded from the study. Participants’ age, height, weight and Body Mass Index will be recorded. Subjects having BMI of more than or equal to 85th percentile will be included in the study.(ped) Subjects will be asked to not to change their dietary habits during the training period. Subjects will be randomly assigned to aerobic training group and resistance training group. Subjects will be asked to have 12 hour fasting period before baseline measurements. Baseline data of Height and weight will be measured and BMI will be calculated as per weight/height2. (kilogram/meter2) and BMI percentile will be calculated according to Centers for Disease control BMI for age growth chart. Subjects will be given rest for the 10 minutes. Heart rate and blood pressure will be measured with palpation and auscultation method respectively, in sitting position. Venous blood will be collected for measuring plasma High density lipoprotein levels. Participants assigned to aerobic exercise training group will exercise 3days per week. Each session will include 10 minutes warm up exercise, 40 minutes of treadmill walking at 70-75% of maximum heart rate. (1) Maximum heart rate will be calculated as 220-age of the subject. This will be followed by cool down period and stretching for 10 minutes. Participants allotted to resistance exercise training will exercise for 3 days per week. Each session will have 10 minute of warm up period,40 minutes 50-75% of 1 Repetition maximum.(2) and cool down period for 10 minutes. Both groups will continue the exercise for 10 weeks. (Banz et al.) Following the intervention for 10 weeks, BMI, waist-circumference will be measured. Venous blood will be collected to measure the plasma high density lipoprotein levels .Statistical analysis will be done to compare pre and post exercise values and to compare the values in both the groups.

Flight in Song of Solomon, Native Son, A Worn Path, Sad Sweet Story of

Flight in Song of Solomon, Native Son, A Worn Path, Sad Sweet Story of Sugar Lips Shinehot, and Portable Promised, and Land First Eagle Story Since the beginning of time all human beings have had a fascination with human flight. Watching a bird soar through the air, one cannot help but desire the same capabilities. Imagine the point of view of the bird that flies high above the trees, among the mountains, over the ocean, and high in the air, far away from the clamor of everyday life on the ground. To have the freedom and power to release ones self from the tribulations experienced with two feet on the ground, and spring up and away into the peaceful, blue sky is a common human desire. Since ancient times, flight has represented the opportunity to free ones self from the chains of oppression. For example, in the Bible, Moses delivered the enslaved Israelites from Egypt and the Lord instructed Moses to tell them, "You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings and brought you to Myself" (Exodus 19:4). Not only does flight represent freedom from oppression, but it has also served as a source of strength: "But those who wait on the Lord/ Shall renew their strength; / They shall mount up with/ wings like eagles" (Isaiah 40:31). Throughout history, Americans have grown up admiring and desiring the many mythical figures with the ability to fly without even having wings. Superman, with super human powers, had the ability to circumvent the globe and save innocent people from harm with his ability to fly. Santa and his reindeer could not possibly distribute toys to children all over the world without the ability to fly. Peter Pan, the eternal child, lived his life consumed in the childish pursuits an... ...51-682. Ed. Penn, W.S. The Telling of the World: Native Americans Stories and Art. New York: Stewart, Tabori, & Chang, 1996. Runnels, T.J. "Rise Above with Eagle." The Red Pathway: Newsletter of Native American Philosophy. http://www.lvcablemodem.com/mahinto/eagle1.html. (15 Oct 2001). Smoke Signals. Dir. Chris Eyre. Miramax Films, 1990. Ed. Stewart, Holly, and Cheryl Wilson. "Stories of the People: Native American Voices." National Museum of the American Indian-Smithsonian Institution. New York: Universe Publishing, 1997. Toure. "The Sad Sweet Story Of Sugar Lips Shinehot And The Portable Promised Land." Callalou. 21.2 (1998) 327-335. Welty, Eudora. "A Worn Path." The Norton Anthology of Literature By Women. Eds. Sandra M. Gilbert, Susan Gubar. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996: 1641-1646. Wright, Richard. Native Son. New York: Harper Perennial, 1940.

Essay on The Awakening and A Dolls House -- comparison compare contra

Comparison of  The Awakening and A Doll's House        Ã‚   The Awakening, a novel by Kate Chopin, and A Doll's House, a play by Henrik Ibsen, are two works of literature that can be readily compared. Both works take place in the same time period, around the late 1800s. Both works feature a woman protagonist who is seeking a better understanding of herself. Both Edna and Nora, the main characters, display traits of feminism. Both Edna and Nora have an awakening in which she realizes that she has not been living up to her full potential. Awakening and growth is one of the main themes in both of the works. Throughout the works, each woman has a close female confidante who symbolizes the traditional role of women and society's views of that role.    Edna Pontellier is the 28-year-old protagonist in Kate Chopin's novel, The Awakening. The novel takes the reader through nine months of Edna Pontellier's life during which she is struggling between society's expectations of a woman's behavior and her own passions and desires. The story takes place on Grand Isle, an island near New Orleans, as well as in the city of New Orleans.    One summer Edna, her husband, Leonce, and their two children vacation on Grand Isle. During the vacation, Edna meets many people, one of whom is Adele Ratignolle, a woman who becomes her confidante. Adele embodies all the characteristics of nineteenth century society. She stays at home with her several children, is expecting another, and is a devoted wife. Another important person she meets is Robert Lebrun, the flirt of Grand Isle, who awakens Edna's sensual side. Edna and Robert fall in love. When Robert realizes his affections, he decides that he cannot stay in Grand Isle, so he goes to Mexico.... ...ndercurrents, female companions, and strong ideas about feminism. The works were written in the late 19th century when these topics were shocking and controversial to society.    Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1985. Clurman, Harold. 1977. Ibsen. New York: Macmillan. Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House (1879). Trans. Rolf Fjelde. Rpt. in Michael Meyer, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th edition. Boston & New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999. Martin, Wendy, ed. "Introduction." New Essays on The (Awakening. New York, NY: Cambridge UP, 1988. Rogers, Katharine M. Feminism in Europe. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982. Templeton, Joan. "Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?" (1989). Rpt. In Meyer.