methyl bromide :: essays research papers

Methyl Bromide The Crop Protection Coalition (CPC) proposes that the logical establishment for the eliminate of methyl bromide (CH3Br) may not be legitimized. The ramifications of the CPC is that the impacts of CH3Br on stratospheric ozone is probably going to keep on diminishing in light of the fact that there was a diminishing impact noted as the science advanced through the 1990s. Notwithstanding, the science network finished a significant new appraisal of stratospheric ozone (Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002; accessible through the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva) where little distinction was discovered comparative with the discoveries of the 1998 evaluation assurance of the Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) for methyl bromide. This finding was to be expected. CH3Br still records for generally half of the natural bromine arriving at the stratosphere. Assurance of the ODP for methyl bromide principally relies upon the comprehension of its complete lifetime in the environm ent, which thus relies upon the comprehension of its expulsion forms from the air. During the 1990s, it was found that sea and soil sinks for methyl bromide should be considered in deciding the lifetime of methyl bromide. Those sinks are currently considered in our investigations (an ongoing reexamination of the sea sink gave results fundamentally the same as the examinations utilized in the 1998 appraisal). While there stays some vulnerability in the dirt sink, this is probably not going to additionally change the ODP for methyl bromide in any huge way. With sea and soil expulsion forms presently remembered for the investigations of its ODP, it is far-fetched that there will be significant changes in the ODP for methyl bromide except if there are noteworthy changes to the comprehension of its evacuation forms. The current assessed worldwide lifetime for CH3Br is 0.7 years, bringing about an ODP of 0.38. On the off chance that the entirety of the vulnerabilities in the dirt sinks we re to go the most extreme sum towards expanding the sink, the ODP for CH3Br could diminish somewhat more. In any case, this is amazingly improbable, as it would create a gigantic irregularity between the sources and sinks, worsening the distinction previously existing in the known sources and sinks. Basically the ODP for methyl bromide is probably not going to change further. As chlorine in the stratosphere diminishes under the impacts of the Montreal Protocol, the way that stratospheric bromine is right now not diminishing implies that bromine will turn out to be increasingly more significant in its consequences for ozone.

Teenage Morality Free Essays

What is high school profound quality? What are the variables that cause young ethical quality? Young ethical quality is the decline of virtues of adolescents. These are normally brought about by breakdown of families, impact of present day innovation and media and furthermore the earth where the young person has a place. In this exploration paper, I will talk about that the primary explanation of less of ethical quality among young people is because of breakdown of families. We will compose a custom exposition test on High school Morality or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now What do you believe is the importance of profound quality? Ethical quality is the separation of activities, expectations or choices between right or wrong. Consequently profound quality is essential to our lives, Morality is first educated at home by our folks when we were still kids, yet imagine a scenario in which are guardians are nowhere to be found. Who will show us virtues that we required?. All things considered we are having a lessening in the contrast between comprehending what is good and bad or great and awful. This is brought about by absence of direction by our folks in view of old family structure, relationships become cleared out, not sufficient opportunity to go through with our families and not going to chapel. In nowadays many accepted that the debilitating of stable relationships is the fundamental explanation of good decay. This is on the grounds that youngsters learn virtues at their own homes from their folks and believing that they are the good examples. At the point when guardians are away from their kids, sincerely inaccessible or their folks themselves are improper then the learning of the virtues of the kid is enormously eased back down. - based from http://www. oppapers. com/articles/Moral-DeclIne-In-Society-Is-Due/677931 The most effective method to refer to Teenage Morality, Papers

Narrative (fiction) texts Essay

Youngsters should have the option to recognize story writings from informative ones. For a youngster to be acquainted with each kind of content intends to have sound communicational, systematic, perusing, and composing abilities. DQ 14 It is important that kids can recognize informative writings from account works of composing. For the most part, there are a few highlights which make story and interpretive writings unique in relation to one another. Account (fiction) writings are loaded up with various tangible subtleties. Individual experience is certifiably not an uncommon subject of fiction stories. Fiction artistic works are generally told from a first person’s see. In numerous cases, the creator of a fiction story will allude to individual translation of occasions and wonders by utilizing â€Å"I† or â€Å"we† pronouns. Informative (genuine) writings are essentially planned for educating, clarifying, or convincing the peruser. Explanatory writings are not hued with feelings, being composed from a non-individual (regularly impartially objective) perspective, and conveying no tangible subtleties. Descriptive writings are never written in the principal individual (Vacca, 1999). Kids ought to have the option to separate interpretive writings from account abstract works. Kids need these aptitudes to peruse and decipher writings, to have the option to look and examine the necessary data, to pick a right composing style as per the particular composing needs and conditions (Vacca, 1999). The procedure of training requires utilizing either explanatory or account data as the wellspring of information on different educational program subjects. To comprehend the importance of a word, to speak with crowds, to gain new data, and to utilize this data to accomplish individual objectives, youngsters need to have sound information on what a fiction, and what a genuine book is. The five instances of fiction books: Louis Ehlert’s Red Leaf, Yellow Leaf; Mary Hoffman’s Amazing Grace; Jerry Stanley’s Children on the Dust Bowl; Harriette Gillem Robinet’s Children of the Fire; Marya Dasef’s Tales of a Texas Boy. The five instances of genuine books: DK Publishing’s Children’s History of the twentieth century; Delia Ray’s A Nation Torn: The Story of How the Civil War Began; Anne Millard’s Pyramids; Aliki’s Communication; Russell Freedman’s Children of the Wild West. References Vacca, R. T. (1999). Content territory perusing: Literacy and learning over the educational program. New York: Longman.

Correctional Treatment

The United States restorative framework regulates more than 6,000,000 sentenced guilty parties in recovery programs a day. There are roughly 2,000,000 in prison who get restoration treatment and 4,000,000 are on parole or probation. With such a large number of individuals under its influence, a focal arrangement issue is the thing that the remedial framework would like to achieve with those it puts in jail or on network oversight. A basic reaction may be that the reason for these remedial authorizations is to â€Å"punish† the criminally wayward. Since the initiation of the American prison during the 1820s, be that as it may, remedies has held onto as a significant objective the change of criminals into the law-abidingâ€that is, â€Å"rehabilitation† or â€Å"treatment. † While probation and parole are both viewed as network remedies and include management in the network, they contrast in different regards. Probation is a condemning choice accessible to neighborhood judges. Indicted guilty parties are discharged by the court to carry out a punishment under court-forced conditions for a predetermined period. It is viewed as an option in contrast to imprisonment. Much of the time the whole probation sentence is served under management in the network. The court holds the position to manage, alter conditions, drop probation and resentence if the probationer abuses the terms of probation. The mindful office for regulating probation can be either state or nearby. There are at present in excess of 2,000 separate probation offices in the United States. There are numerous sorts of projects offered to guilty parties which fit their kind of wrongdoing. A portion of these projects are intended for substance abusers, sex guilty parties, those whose requires instructive advising, and furthermore programs that show fundamental abilities. Substance misuse restoration happens when the guilty party experiences directing for a reliance on a genuinely addictive substance, for example, medications or liquor. Normally, recovery is doled out to those wrongdoers indicted for wrongdoings identified with medicate misuse or who have confessed to drugs playing a factor into violations they’ve submitted. This treatment includes a few types of treatment, for example, the normally realize 12-advance projects. Additionally, fruitful consummation of the substance misuse restoration program to be a necessity of parole or probation. Those indicted for sex offenses including assault and kid attack, will experience uncommon restoration intended to improve the odds that they won't carry out another sexual wrongdoing. These projects likewise take various structures, most are explicitly for the offense submitted. A model would be for those indicted for kid attack, they may experience advising intended to assist them with controlling inclinations or change their manner of thinking. For attackers, restoration may include outrage the board classes, relationship guiding, or treatment in which they work out their dissatisfactions towards ladies. Detainees and as of late discharged ex-guilty parties get fundamental instruction and vital abilities to acquire a vocation. This kind of treatment is delegated instructive guiding. The most essential of these projects center around showing rudimentary math and understanding abilities. Further developed projects assist guilty parties with getting ready for professional tests just as employment exchanges. Likewise fundamental abilities are educated to detainees so as to turn into a working citizen, for example, making a financial plan or setting up a resume. With learning these basic errands and figuring out how to oversee accounts guilty parties may perhaps not carry out violations including cash. Remedial Treatment The United States remedial framework administers more than 6,000,000 sentenced guilty parties in restoration programs a day. There are around 2,000,000 in prison who get restoration treatment and 4,000,000 are on parole or probation. With such a significant number of individuals under its influence, a focal strategy issue is the thing that the restorative framework plans to achieve with those it puts in the slammer or on network management. A basic reaction may be that the reason for these remedial authorizations is to â€Å"punish† the criminally wayward. Since the commencement of the American prison during the 1820s, be that as it may, rectifications has held onto as a significant objective the change of offenders into the law-abidingâ€that is, â€Å"rehabilitation† or â€Å"treatment. † While probation and parole are both viewed as network remedies and include oversight in the network, they vary in different regards. Probation is a condemning alternative accessible to nearby appointed authorities. Indicted wrongdoers are discharged by the court to carry out a punishment under court-forced conditions for a predetermined period. It is viewed as an option in contrast to imprisonment. Much of the time the whole probation sentence is served under management in the network. The court holds the position to oversee, adjust conditions, drop probation and resentence if the probationer damages the terms of probation. The mindful organization for directing probation can be either state or neighborhood. There are at present in excess of 2,000 separate probation offices in the United States. There are numerous sorts of projects offered to wrongdoers which fit their kind of wrongdoing. A portion of these projects are intended for substance abusers, sex guilty parties, those whose requires instructive directing, and furthermore programs that show fundamental abilities. Substance misuse restoration happens when the wrongdoer experiences directing for a reliance on a truly addictive substance, for example, medications or liquor. For the most part, restoration is appointed to those guilty parties indicted for wrongdoings identified with medicate misuse or who have confessed to drugs playing a factor into violations they’ve submitted. This treatment includes a few types of treatment, for example, the generally realize 12-advance projects. Additionally, effective finishing of the substance misuse recovery program to be a necessity of parole or probation. Those indicted for sex offenses including assault and kid attack, will experience exceptional restoration intended to improve the odds that they won't carry out another sexual wrongdoing. These projects additionally take various structures, most are explicitly for the offense submitted. A model would be for those sentenced for kid attack, they may experience guiding intended to assist them with controlling inclinations or change their manner of thinking. For attackers, restoration may include outrage the executives classes, relationship guiding, or treatment in which they work out their dissatisfactions towards ladies. Detainees and as of late discharged ex-wrongdoers get fundamental instruction and essential aptitudes to acquire a vocation. This sort of treatment is delegated instructive guiding. The most fundamental of these projects center around showing basic math and understanding abilities. Further developed projects assist guilty parties with getting ready for professional tests just as occupation exchanges. Likewise fundamental abilities are instructed to detainees so as to turn into a working citizen, for example, making a financial plan or setting up a resume. With learning these straightforward undertakings and figuring out how to oversee funds wrongdoers may conceivably not perpetrate violations including cash.

How to Write a Killing Research Paper

How to Write a Killing Research Paper The style and format of research papers varies from subject to subject (and indeed journal to journal). How you write depends on the journal/type of reader you are addressing. Also, keep in mind some role models people you know or famous papers. The general aim is to be attractive to non-experts as much as can be expected, while interesting and not offensivexperts. How to write an introduction for a research paper An introduction is the first paragraph of a written research paper. A well-written introduction is important because, quite simply, you never get a second chance to make a good first impression. It consists of two main parts: A general introduction to the topic you will be discussing Your thesis statement Why do it? In the introduction, you are attempting to inform the reader about the rationale behind the work, justifying why your work is an essential component of research in the field. The introduction gives an overall review of the paper. It works upon the principle of introducing the topic of the paper and setting it into a broad context, gradually narrowing down to a research problem, thesis and hypothesis. A good introduction explains how you mean to solve the research problem, and creates ‘leads’ to make the reader want to delve further into your work. How do I do it? Start with a couple of sentences that introduce your topic to your reader. You do not have to give too much detailed information; save that for the body of your paper. Make these sentences as interesting as you can. Through them, you can hook a reader and get them very interested in the line of thinking you are going to develop in your project. The length of your introduction depends on the length and complexity of your project, but generally it should not exceed one page unless it is a very long project or a book. Then state your thesis, which may be done in one or couple of sentences. How to write a thesis statement for a research paper Why do it? A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis” that presents a basic or main idea and an argument that you think you can support with evidence. How do I do it? A well-constructed thesis gives readers an idea of the most important points of a paper, shows the highlights, and makes them want to read more. It will also help keep you, the writer, from getting lost in a convoluted and directionless argument. Let’s run through what makes for a good thesis statement. There are four main components. A good argumentative thesis is focused and not too broad. It’s important to stay focused! Don’t try to argue an overly broad topic in your paper, or you’re going to feel confused and unsure about your direction and purpose. A good argumentative thesis is centered on a debatable topic. A good argumentative thesis picks a side. Picking a side is pretty much the whole entire point of an argumentative paper. A good thesis makes claims that will be supported later in the paper. Your claims make up a critical part of building the roadmap to your argument. It’s important to first include a summary of your claims in your thesis statement. During the course of your paper, you will back each of your claims with well-researched evidence. How to write a research paper proposal What is a researchper? A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. It is a genre that requires one to spend time investigating and evaluating sources with the intent to offer interpretations of the texts, and not unconscious regurgitations of thosources. The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements (research paper outline) and procedures (research paper format: MLA format or APA research paper format) for conducting the research paper are governed by standards within the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, so guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general projecroposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. All research proposals must address the following questions: What do you plan to accomplish? Why do you want to do it? How are you goingdo it? How to write a conclusion for a rcaper In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal and its conclusion describe detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the studysmpletion. As you see, there is a lot of work to be done while writing a research paper. It might be hard to be clear and succinct in defining the research problem. In addition to detailing your research design, you also might find difficult to conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy study. All in all, if you are not sure that what you propose is doable, our advice is to ask for professional help by ordering a writing from professional services.

Questions to Ask During College Tours

As fall approaches, high school seniors will start the college application process. In hopes of finding the right fit, they will review college rankings and reports, and leaf through student testimonials. Most colleges insist that the best way to learn about their school is to "see it for yourself," by visiting the campus and attending a tour. To make the most out of your college tours, prepare your questions ahead of time. The following are a few of the suggested topics to cover. Admissions One of the first things a college tour will cover is the application and admissions process for the school. During the informational session, an admissions officer will present statistics about the school and its student population, such as average SAT and ACT scores, percentage of students from out-of-state, etc. College tours can provide an opportunity to ask an admissions officer about the personal essay required on the college's application. A couple of questions about the essay may help you to learn more about the college, whether it might be a good fit for you, and may give you some ideas for a strong essay. The Basics According to "What to Look for on a Campus Visit," an article on the website Family Education, it is a good idea to ask how large average class sizes are for freshmen and upperclassmen. It is also advisable to find out if tutoring is available to students, how much it costs, and how easy it is to access. In addition, now is the time to ask candidly how easy or difficult it is to get into the classes you are most interested in taking. The same goes for extracurricular activities. Ask if non-music majors can join the choir, or if there are intramural sports teams available on campus. Campus Life Understanding the housing situation helps a student imagine what life on campus is like. Ask the tour guide how many students live on campus, how many live in surrounding apartments, and how many commute from home. Make sure the tour guide brings you inside a dorm room, and notice if the floors are co-ed or separate. If you are interested in joining a fraternity or sorority, ask about Greek life on campus and how many students are involved in it, the Family Education reporters suggest. Safety It's important to gain an understanding of the area surrounding campus and the amount of crime within school boundaries. College planning consultant Judith Christie recommends asking guides what walking around campus at night is like, and whether the college provides rides to students if they are out late and need to get back to their dorms. It is also a good idea to ask about the type of security provided dorm entrances. Another very important question to ask is whether the school has an emergency notification system. Many colleges now inform students of an emergency situation by sending a text to the student's cell phone. Questions Not Always Asked Students sometimes shy away from asking the best questions on college tours, only to wish on the car trip home that they knew the answer. Here are a few of those questions, according to the U.S. News and World Report's "Questions to Ask on College Campus Tours," by Rebecca Kern. While splitting up in tour guide groups, try to find a tour guide whose interests match yours. Often the tour guide will share her extracurricular activities and her selected major. Ask your tour guide what her college experience has been like in order to get a more personalized response than the previously rehearsed tour. In addition, ask your guide why he chose the school, Kern advises. Don't be afraid to ask what your guide would like to see altered on campus as well, her research suggests. "Every school has great things about it, and every school has things that could maybe be improved," said Christopher Nowak, a tour guide quoted in Kern's article. Finally, try to learn as much as you can about the community surrounding the campus and what it's like to live in the area. All things being equal, this could end up being an important factor in your choice of college.

Overview of The Seven Years War (1756 - 63)

In Europe, the Seven Years War was fought between an alliance of France, Russia, Sweden, Austria, and Saxony against Prussia, Hanover, and Great Britain from 1756–1763. However, the war had an international element, particularly as Britain and France fought one another for domination of North America and India. As such, it has been called the first ‘world war.’ The military theater for the Seven Years War in North America is called the ‘French-Indian’ war, and in Germany, the Seven Years War has been known as the ‘Third Silesian War.’ It is notable for the adventures of the king of Prussia Frederick the Great (1712–1786), a man whose major early successes and later tenacity were matched by one of the most incredible pieces of luck ever to end a major conflict in history. Origins: The Diplomatic Revolution The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, but to many, it was only an armistice, a temporary halt to the war. Austria had lost Silesia to Prussia, and was angry at both Prussia—for taking the wealthy land—and her own allies for not making sure it was returned. She started weighing up her alliances and seeking out alternatives. Russia grew worried about the growing power of Prussia, and wondered about waging a ‘preventative’ war to stop them. Prussia, pleased at having gained Silesia, believed it would take another war to keep it, and hoped to gain more territory during it. In the 1750s, as tensions rose in North America between British and French colonists competing for the same land, Britain acted to try and prevent the ensuing war destabilizing Europe by altering its alliances. These actions, and a change of heart by Frederick II of Prussia—known by his many later admirers as ‘Frederick the Great’—triggered what has been called the ‘Diplomatic Revolution,’ as the previous system of alliances broke down and a new one replaced it, with Austria, France, and Russia allied against Britain, Prussia ,and Hanover. Europe: Frederick Gets His Retaliation in First In May 1756, Britain and France officially went to war, triggered by French attacks on Minorca; the recent treaties stopped other nations being sucked in to help. But with the new alliances in place, Austria was poised to strike and take Silesia back, and Russia was planning a similar initiative, so Frederick II of Prussia—aware of the plotting—initiated conflict in an attempt to gain an advantage. He wanted to defeat Austria before France and Russia could mobilize; he also wanted to seize more land. Frederick thus attacked Saxony in August 1756 to try and break its alliance with Austria, seize its resources and set up his planned 1757 campaign. He took the capital, accepting their surrender, incorporating their troops, and sucking huge funds out of the state. Prussian forces then advanced into Bohemia, but they were unable to win the victory that would keep them there and so quickly retreated to Saxony. They advanced back again in early 1757, winning the battle of Prague on May 6, 1757, thanks in no small part to Frederick’s subordinates. However, the Austrian army had retreated into Prague, which Prussia besieged. Luckily for the Austrians, Frederick was defeated on June 18th by a relief force at the Battle of Kolin and forced to retreat out of Bohemia. Europe: Prussia Under Attack Prussia now appeared to be attacked from all sides, as a French force defeated the Hanoverians under an English general—the King of England was also the King of Hanover—occupied Hanover and marched to Prussia, while Russia came in from the East and defeated other Prussians, although they followed this up by retreating and only occupied East Prussia the next January. Austria moved on Silesia, and Sweden, new to the Franco-Russo-Austrian alliance, also attacked. For a while Frederick sank into self pity, but responded with a display of arguably brilliant generalship, defeating a Franco-German army at Rossbach on November 5th, and an Austrian one at Leuthenon December 5th; both of which had outnumbered him greatly. Neither victory was enough to force an Austrian (or French) surrender. From now on the French would target a resurgent Hanover, and never fought Frederick again, while he moved quickly, defeating one enemy army and then another before they could effectively team up, using his advantage of shorter, internal lines of movement. Austria soon learned not to fight Prussia in the large, open areas which favored Prussia’s superior movement, although this was constantly reduced by casualties. Britain began to harass the French coast to try and draw troops away, while Prussia pushed the Swedes out. Europe: Victories and Defeats The British ignored the surrender of their previous Hanoverian army and returned to the region, intent on keeping France at bay. This new army was commanded by a close ally of Frederick’s (his brother-in-law) and kept French forces busy in the west and away from both Prussia and the French colonies. They won the battle of Minden in 1759, and made a series of strategic maneuvers to tie up the enemy armies, although were constrained by having to send reinforcements to Frederick. Frederick attacked Austria, but was outmaneuvered during a siege and forced to retreat into Silesia. He then fought a draw with the Russians at Zorndorf, but took heavy casualties (a third of his army); he was then beaten by Austria at Hochkirch, losing a third again. By the end of the year he had cleared Prussia and Silesia of enemy armies, but was greatly weakened, unable to pursue any more grand offensives; Austria was cautiously pleased. By now, all belligerents had spent huge sums. Frederick was brought to battle again at Battle of Kunersdorf in August 1759, but was heavily defeated by an Austro-Russian army. He lost 40% of the troops present, although he managed to keep the remainder of his army in operation. Thanks to Austrian and Russian caution, delays and disagreements, their advantage was not pressed and Frederick avoided being forced to surrender. In 1760 Frederick failed in another siege, but won minor victories against the Austrians, although at Torgau he won because of his subordinates rather than anything he did. France, with some Austrian support, tried to push for peace. By the end of 1761, with enemies wintering on Prussian land, things were going badly for Frederick, whose once highly trained army was now bulked out with hastily gathered recruits, and whose numbers were well below those of the enemy armies. Frederick was increasingly unable to perform the marches and out-flankings which had bought him success, and was on the defensive. Had Frederick’s enemies overcome their seeming inability to co-ordinate—thanks to xenophobia, dislike, confusion, class differences and more—Frederick might already have been beaten. In control of only a part of Prussia, Frederick’s efforts looked doomed, despite Austria being in a desperate financial position. Europe: Death as Prussian Savior Frederick hoped for a miracle, and he got one. The implacably anti-Prussian Tsarina of Russia died, to be succeeded by Tsar Peter III (1728–1762). He was favorable to Prussia and made immediate peace, sending troops to help Frederick. Although Peter was assassinated quickly afterwards—not before trying to invade Denmark—his wife Catherine the Great (1729–1796) kept the peace agreements, although she withdrew Russian troops which had been helping Frederick. This freed Frederick to win more engagements against Austria. Britain took the chance to end their alliance with Prussia—thanks partly to mutual antipathy between Frederick and Britain’s new Prime Minister—declaring war on Spain and attacking their Empire instead. Spain invaded Portugal, but were halted with British aid. The Global War Although British troops did fight on the continent, slowly increasing in numbers, Britain had preferred to send financial support to Frederick and Hanover—subsidies larger than any before in British history—rather than fight in Europe. This was in order to send troops and ships elsewhere in the world. The British had been involved in fighting in North America since 1754, and the government under William Pitt (1708–1778) decided to further prioritize the war in America, and hit the rest of France’s imperial possessions, using their powerful navy to harass France where she was weakest. In contrast, France focused on Europe first, planning an invasion of Britain, but this possibility was ended by the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759, shattering France’s remaining Atlantic naval power and their ability to reinforce America. England had effectively won the ‘French-Indian’ war in North America by 1760, but peace there had to wait until the othe r theaters were settled. In 1759 a small, opportunistic British force had seized Fort Louis on the Senegal River in Africa, acquiring plenty of valuables and suffering no casualties. Consequently, by the end of the year, all French trading posts in Africa were British. Britain then attacked France in the West Indies, taking the rich island of Guadeloupe and moving on to other wealth producing targets. The British East India Company retaliated against a local leader and attacked French interests in India and, aided greatly by the British Royal Navy dominating the Indian Ocean as it had the Atlantic, ejected France from the area. By war’s end, Britain had a vastly increased Empire, France a much reduced one. Britain and Spain also went to war, and Britain shocked their new enemy by seizing the hub of their Caribbean operations, Havana, and a quarter of the Spanish Navy. Peace None of Prussia, Austria, Russia or France had been able to win the decisive victories needed to force their enemies to surrender, but by 1763 the war in Europe had drained the belligerents cofferes and they sought peace. Austria was facing bankruptcy and feeling unable to proceed without Russia, France was defeated abroad and unwilling to fight on to support Austria, and England was keen to cement global success and end the drain on their resources. Prussia was intent on forcing a return to the state of affairs before the war, but as peace negotiations dragged on Frederick sucked as much as he could out of Saxony, including kidnapping girls and relocating them in depopulated areas of Prussia. The Treaty of Paris was signed on February 10th, 1763, settling issues between Britain, Spain and France, humiliating the latter, former greatest power in Europe. Britain gave Havana back to Spain, but received Florida in return. France compensated Spain by giving her Louisiana, while England got all French lands in North America east of the Mississippi except New Orleans. Britain also gained much of the West Indies, Senegal, Minorca and land in India. Other possessions changed hands, and Hanover was secured for the British. On February 10th, 1763 the Treaty of Hubertusburg between Prussia and Austria confirmed the status quo: Prussia kept Silesia, and secured its claim to ‘great power’ status, while Austria kept Saxony. As historian Fred Anderson pointed out, millions had been spent and tens of thousands had died, but nothing had changed. Consequences Britain was left as the dominant world power, albeit deeply in debt, and the cost had introduced new problems in the relationship with its colonists—the situation would go on to cause the American Revolutionary War, another global conflict that would end in a British defeat. France was on the road to economic disaster and revolution. Prussia had lost 10% of its population but, crucially for Frederick’s reputation, had survived the alliance of Austria, Russia and France which had wanted to reduce or destroy it, although many historians claim Frederick is given too much credit for this as outside factors allowed it. Reforms followed in many of the belligerents government and military, with Austrian fears that Europe would be on the road to a disastrous militarism were well founded. The failure of Austria to reduce Prussia to second rate power doomed it to a competition between the two for the future of Germany, benefiting Russia and France, and leading to a Prussian-centered Germany empire. The war also saw a shift in the balance of diplomacy, with Spain and Holland, reduced in importance, replaced by two new Great Powers: Prussia and Russia. Saxony was ruined. Sources and Further Reading Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: the Seven Years War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.  New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2007.  Baugh, Daniel A. The Global Seven Years War 1754–1763: Britain and France in a Great Power Contest. London: Routledge, 2011.Riley, James C. The Seven Years War and the Old Regime in France: The Economic and Financial Toll. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.Szabo, Franz A. J. The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763. London: Routledge, 2013.